1. AMSTERDAM’S WAR ON BACKYARD BBQ

European green extremism has officially come for the BBQ.

Amsterdam has expanded restrictions on public barbecuing as part of its official Beleidskader Houtstook Amsterdam, a wood-burning policy framework adopted by the city council on September 17, 2025. According to the Brussels Signal, the city is now studying the installation of electric cooking points in parks so residents can grill without charcoal. Disposable barbecues are already fully prohibited. Violations carry a €95 fine. In the Vondelpark and every other park in the city’s southern borough, charcoal grilling has been banned outright since 2017.

The city even issued a leaflet instructing residents to consult neighbors before lighting a grill and directed them to a website with tips for having that conversation. Amsterdam is also the world’s first capital to ban public advertisements for meat products.

The People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) party and other critics have warned the framework could be a first step toward a total ban, even on private gardens. If European governments are telling citizens they need permission to grill in their own backyard, the regulatory overreach isn’t coming… it’s already here.

2. NEW EU RULES ADD TO AUTO SECTOR’S STRUGGLES

Brussels’ overregulation agenda is coming for the EU’s already crippling car industry.

A new EU regulation mandates that new vehicle types must contain at least 15% recycled plastic by weight starting in 2032, climbing to 25% by 2036. And it doesn’t stop there. Carmakers must also issue digital “circularity vehicle passports,” provide parts-removal instructions, and assume full financial liability for end-of-life vehicle collection beginning in September 2029.

This comes after the EU’s CO2 emissions mandates have already triggered factory closures and layoffs across the continent, leaving the car manufacturing sector significantly damaged.

The regulation adds sweeping new obligations, seemingly without any demonstrated environmental payoff. Spain’s recycling federation, FER, has warned the rules would impose “disproportionate technical and economic demands without matching environmental gains.”

Existing EU rules already recover around 85% of material from scrapped vehicles, raising the question of who, exactly, this mountain of new red tape is for…

GOOGLE JOINS COMPANIES & EXPERTS IN SOUNDING ALARM OVER DMA’S SECURITY RISKS

Last week, Google joined the ranks of American companies who have gone public to voice concerns about the Digital Markets Act and the security risks it has opened EU users up to.

Writing on their website blog, Google warned the DMA is “placing European consumers’ privacy, security, and safety at risk,” explaining that it would force the company to grant any user-downloaded AI app unvetted system-level access to users’ microphones, cameras, and screens with no ability for Google to screen them first.

The company joins other US companies like Amazon and Apple who, along with industry experts, have long-criticized the DMA’s undercutting of user security and privacy protections. These include an increased risk of unauthorized access to user data and core system functions, an erosion of built-in protections, and the weakening of malware blocking just as incidents have tripled globally.

Few are better acquainted with these concerns than the EU themselves who, despite not addressing the issues, sought technical guidance in 2023 to assess the security implications of the DMA, suggesting its privacy and security implications hadn’t been sufficiently considered when the regulation was developed.

Google’s public stance also comes at a critical time for the transatlantic relationship, with the deadline for American cloud providers to appeal their recently imposed gatekeeper designations fast approaching.

The Commission would be wise to use this fork in the road to reevaluate its predatory regulatory framework. If Brussels takes the wrong turn and upholds these gatekeeper designations, they should expect a far less forgiving approach from President Trump in combating what he has characterized as “overseas extortion” once the Section 301 investigation is finalized.

1. BELGIUM CAN’T KEEP ITS OWN CAPITAL SAFE

The U.S. State Department raised its travel advisory for Belgium to Level 2 on July 23rd, urging American citizens to “exercise increased caution” due to crime, civil unrest, and even terrorism. The advisory warns that “petty crime is common, particularly in tourist areas,” including purse snatching and pickpocketing, and instructs travelers to avoid demonstrations, monitor local media, and stay on guard at banks and ATMs.

Brussels is home of the European Commission, the EU Parliament, and the entire bureaucratic apparatus that lectures the world on governance and security, and now American tourists are officially advised to watch their backs in the very city where EU officials set policy for 450 million people.

This past June, protests against education reforms devolved into riots, with e-scooters set ablaze and police deploying tear gas in the streets.

If EU technocrats can’t maintain order in their own capital, what exactly are they managing the rest of Europe for?

2. GERMANY BET THE HOUSE ON CHINA AND LOST

For decades, China was the golden goose for German automakers. Now it’s an albatross. China’s own carmakers have surpassed Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz in electric vehicle technology while offering lower prices in the world’s largest car market, which itself contracted by a fifth this year, forcing German brands into a brutal fight for survival they are already losing.

The fallout is staggering. BMW announced it is cutting 8,000 jobs in Germany by the end of 2027. Volkswagen is in negotiations to slash 100,000 jobs and shutter factories. Mercedes-Benz is demanding workers log a full 40-hour week for the same 35-hour pay. Meanwhile, Chinese car sales in the EU surged 63% in the first half of 2026, meaning China now sells more cars in Europe than Germany sells in China.

But the crisis didn’t happen overnight, and while Germany was wrong to get in bed with China in the first place… the EU shares blame. For years, Brussels pushed aggressive climate regulations that forced automakers to pivot to electric vehicles on a tight government-mandated timeline, regardless of whether the market was ready. Now the EU is even trying to push that overregulation agenda onto American companies with the CSDDD and CSRD.

The costly, rushed transition drained resources and left German brands flat-footed against Chinese EV makers who had a years-long head start and government subsidies of their own.

Bureaucratic caution in Brussels effectively handed Chinese automakers a longstanding German industry.

BRUSSELS’ $1 BILLION GOOGLE FINE DRAWS BACKLASH IN THE US

The European Commission’s $1 billion fine on Google last week, the largest ever levied under the Digital Markets Act, has produced an emphatic response across the American policy and media landscape, which has both condemned the European Union’s action and backed President Trump’s retaliatory stance.

Several American experts have spoken out on the matter. The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation characterized the move as “further confirmation that the DMA functions less as a competition tool than as an extractive mechanism,” while an economic policy expert pointed out that “every DMA noncompliance penalty so far,” such as the penalty handed down to Google, has fallen on an American company.

Along with criticism from former Trump officials, this reflects a consensus within the United States that crosses traditional partisan and institutional divides, and that Brussels cannot easily dismiss.

President Trump’s decision to launch a Section 301 investigation, along with other further retaliatory steps, also drew widespread support. Paul McCarthy at the Heritage Foundation, lauded President Trump’s launching of a 301 investigation as “the right call,” while also recognizing the Administration for exposing the DMA for what it is: “a direct challenge to American economic sovereignty.” Another analyst further backed the Trump administration for being “firm in standing up for U.S. trade interests” while also noting the Administration “would be justified in responding forcefully to European policies that disadvantage trusted American companies.”

This spectrum of critical voices clearly validates the Trump Administration’s strategy, and underscores the fact that, with America as united as ever in its opposition to the EU’s regulation, now is the right time to keep the EU under sustained pressure.

1. SPAIN’S SOCIALIST GOVERNMENT IN FREE FALL

A new survey delivered a devastating verdict on leftist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and his government this week, finding that six in ten Spaniards now hold a negative view of the current legislative term, with nearly a third describing it as “disastrous,” “nefarious,” and “ruinous.”

The numbers come straight from a Sigma Dos poll for El Mundo published Monday, one of Spain’s major national newspapers. Only 12 percent of Spaniards view the term positively. A full 31 percent say they cannot identify a single achievement by the Sánchez government.

With elections due no later than August 2027, 41 percent of Spaniards expect them to be called early. Projections show the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) losing roughly 17 seats, potentially handing the right-wing People’s Party (PP) and Vox coalition a governing majority.

2. CONGRESS TAKES AIM AT EU’S $1T OVERREACH ON US BUSINESS

Last week, Rep. Craig Goldman (R-TX) introduced the Stop EU Overreach Act, legislation directing the U.S. Trade Representative to investigate a suite of European Union “green” regulations, including the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, and others that extend far beyond Europe’s borders and land squarely on American companies.

A Hudson Institute study estimates these rules could hit U.S. businesses with more than $1 trillion in initial compliance costs and up to $43 billion in recurring annual expenses.

The regulations force American companies to map their entire supply chains, submit to third-party audits, and meet EU sustainability standards, even when their operations are fully compliant with U.S. law.

Rep. Goldman’s bill would give the USTR tools to fight back, including tariffs and suspension of trade benefits, until the EU stops applying its rules to American businesses. The legislation already has eight House co-sponsors and support from the Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council.

TRUMP RESPONDS TO BRUSSELS’ RECORD DMA FINE

This past Thursday, the DMA handed its largest penalty to date, fining Google over a billion dollars for alleged violations of how it displays its products in search queries.

Brussels’ record-setting fine follows a worrying trend for American companies who have felt the financial toll of EU enforcement rise dramatically over the past few years, with penalties growing from $589.8 million in 2023 and $2.3 billion in 2024 to $2.5 billion in 2025.

The fine drew the ire of President Trump, who ripped the move on Truth Social, characterizing it as an “illegal and highly discriminatory practice,” and declaring “The United States of America is not a “PIGGYBANK” for Europe, nor will we allow it to be!” President Trump also announced that his administration would immediately initiate a Section 301 investigation, a step that equips the US with tools critical to future negotiations such as tariffs and other retaliatory measures.

President Trump is right. In practice, the DMA functioned more as a “regulatory weapon aimed almost exclusively at American technology companies,” as the EU-US Forum’s Matt Mowers characterized it in a recent Newsweek op-ed, than a policy meant to level the playing field or benefit European consumers as it originally intended. For one, a survey of 5,000 Europeans earlier this year found the DMA’s regulations caused a widely felt decline in the quality of map services.

Worse yet, European consumers have increasingly had to absorb price hikes stemming from the DMA, a development the Commission notably left off their recent review of the DMA, perhaps because acknowledging them would call the entire regulatory framework into question, along with the vast financial and bureaucratic resources Brussels has poured into building it.

The European Commission has had ample time to change course and stop targeting American companies with crippling financial penalties. With President Trump’s 301 investigation announcement and the additional spectre of tariffs, now is the time to hold Brussels’ feet to the fire and demonstrate that they will be the last government that tries to fund its own tech ambitions on the backs of American companies.

1. NEW ERA FOR EUROPEAN PATRIOTISM?

Over the weekend, the world watched Spain beat Argentina 1-0 in extra time to win the 2026 FIFA World Cup at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, their second world title in history. As World Cup hero Ferran Torres rode through Madrid streets in a “Make Spain Great Again” hat, the image captured something bigger: the rise of a confident, unapologetic patriotism across Europe, inspired in part by Trump’s political playbook.

Could this signal conservative movements finding their footing again in the EU? When one of the world’s most celebrated players in Europe dons a MAGA-style hat after winning the world’s biggest sporting event, it’s not just a fashion choice. It’s an indicator.

This year’s World Cup was a celebration of American leadership. Before a single ball was kicked, the tournament itself was a diplomatic and logistical triumph for Trump, with his administration processing over 5 million visa applications, holding off burdensome travel fees, and ensuring millions of fans from around the globe could flood American cities without chaos.

Then came the final, where President Trump sat with FIFA President Gianni Infantino before presenting the World Cup trophy to Spain’s captain.

And he’s not done. Following the success of their working together, reports have emerged that President Trump is interested in nominating FIFA President Gianni Infantino for UN Secretary-General, the man who helped make this the greatest sporting event in American history.

2. FRANCE’S GREEN AGENDA IS TEARING MACRON’S CABINET APART

France’s political infighting has not relented.

Over the past year, the country has burned through four prime ministers, including one who resigned after less than 24 hours in office, only to be reappointed days later. Now this plague of uncertainty is washing through others in cabinet positions.

On Wednesday, France’s Minister for Ecological Transition Monique Barbut announced her resignation over claims that “the ‘forces opposing’ her green transition agenda had become ‘too powerful.” She took to LinkedIn to announce she was quitting, before Macron refused her resignation, and she agreed to stay.

For an administration already struggling to hold its coalition together, this kind of ideologically-driven instability is becoming a pattern, and it shortens the runway for the National Rally party to consolidate power.

GOP TO EU: YOUR DIGITAL RULES ARE A TRADE WAR IN DISGUISE

Twenty-five Republican members of Congress sent a letter to President Trump this week encouraging him to build on his strong stance against the EU’s systematic targeting of American tech companies with more forceful measures.

At the center of their complaint is the Digital Markets Act, or DMA, which has saddled Amazon, Apple, and Google, among others, with “gatekeeper” obligations while Chinese platforms like Temu and AliExpress escape regulation altogether. In the letter, lawmakers accused the EU of using the DMA as “a tool of economic extraction and regulatory coercion against American firms.”

Among the items lawmakers suggested was utilizing Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 to launch trade investigations, a step that would formally put tariffs and other retaliatory measures on the table.

Responding to the letter, EU spokesperson Thomas Regnier said: “The EU has the sovereign right to regulate economic activities on its territory…. we will keep enforcing our rules in a fair and non-discriminatory manner – as we have always done.”

Unfortunately for American companies designated as gatekeepers, this “fair and non-discriminatory treatment” from the EU takes the form of fining American tech companies more than they collect in taxes from their own tech sector. Using regulation as a backdoor trade barrier has a cost… and when the United States decides to collect, European companies will be the ones paying it.

1. EU SUES MEMBER STATES OVER GREEN AGENDA

The European Commission has launched infringement procedures against all 27 EU member states for failing to implement sweeping new green building mandates by the May 29, 2026 deadline. The rules, part of the EU’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), would require businesses to overhaul their commercial properties to meet strict new energy efficiency standards.

The EPBD, adopted in 2024, mandates that all new buildings produce zero on-site fossil fuel emissions by 2030, that new publicly-owned buildings meet that standard by 2028, and that fossil fuel boilers be fully phased out by 2040, leaving businesses staring down potentially massive compliance costs with little relief currently available.

All this, while Europe is sweltering through record heat waves, with only 20% of households having air conditioning. Instead of easing up on their deadly energy rules, they’re doubling down.

The EU’s own data shows its current annual building renovation rate sits at just 1%.

2. FRANCE’S LEFT TURNS TO LAWFARE TO STOP LE PEN

Emmanuel Macron’s party, Renaissance, has filed a legal complaint against Marine Le Pen’s National Rally (RN), accusing the opposition of “trademark infringement and unfair competition” over Le Pen’s new campaign slogan, “Pour la France, la renaissance.” The case is scheduled to be heard July 27.

On July 7, Le Pen unveiled her slogan, and Renaissance claims the phrase unlawfully appropriates its political identity and registered trademarks, arguing it sows “confusion in the minds of voters.”

This is not a coincidence of timing. Courts have already cleared Le Pen to run for president, and her support is growing. Rather than compete on ideas, the governing party is going to court to silence the opposition’s campaign before it gains steam. RN responded bluntly: “When Mr. Attal talks about unity while throwing his support behind Edouard Philippe, we promise we won’t take him to court.”

USTR DRAWS HARD LINE AGAINST EU ASSAULT ON AMERICAN TECH

The EU’s campaign against American tech companies has a new and vocal critic in U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer.

Speaking at a recent event, Greer indicated that the Trump administration will not allow Brussels to write the rules for American tech companies who have been disproportionately targeted by the EU’s digital regulations like the DMA.

“We’re not going to let Europe control the global regulation of our companies,” he noted. “We’re just not going to let Europe be the arbiter.” Greer also took aim at the structure of Brussels’ regulatory framework, calling out rules which “only tends to capture our guys.”

While not every regulation from the EU affecting US companies has merited a fierce response, like their recent investigation into Meta’s addictive design features on Facebook & Instagram, the vast majority have. Over just the last two years, the Commission has handed down penalties of more than $7B to American companies under its digital regulatory framework. Taking into account the $1B in annual compliance fees spent between U.S. companies, the total costs since 2024 exceed $9B.

Worse yet, the EU has shown no signs of slowing their approach. On July 8, for example, the EU rejected Apple’s challenge to its gatekeeper status, condemning the company to what will likely be billions in additional fines and expenses in the years to come.

Moreover, the basis for these penalties have been rooted in a constantly evolving set of criteria. Commissioner for competition at the EC Teresa Ribera, for instance, recently signaled a willingness to designate based on qualitative criteria when the quantitative criteria is not met, bucking once-clearly defined benchmarks and leaving the door open for widespread abuse by the EU.

US companies grappling with Brussels’ regulatory assault can take solace in knowing the EU’s actions haven’t gone unnoticed by President Trump. His administration has remained steadfast in defending US businesses against these predatory regulations, using tariff leverage, diplomatic engagement, and direct demands for fair treatment. The President will not back down so long as Brussels treats US companies as a means to subsidize their own tech sector.

1. HOT AIR COMING FROM BRUSSELS

EU-US Forum senior advisor Matt Mowers joined the Guy Benson Show this week to call out what he described as a “wild, deadly dogma” gripping European elites: an almost religious opposition to air conditioning.

The numbers are brutal. Over 1,300 excess deaths have been linked to the recent heatwave in France alone, where temperatures topped 41°C. Only 20% of European households have air conditioning, compared to roughly 90% in the United States, per the IEA and U.S. Energy Information Administration. Europe’s heat toll exceeds 175,000 deaths annually across the European Region, more than four times U.S. gun homicides.

Mowers told Benson: “Across the board, you’re seeing a rise of conservative parties, because they’re responding to the will of the voters, and the voters are sitting there, sweating their rear ends off in these places right now, looking at these politicians, trying to lecture them. The only thing they’re doing is contributing to the increased climate out there, because of all the hot air that they’re spewing every single day.”

Brussels won’t change, so Europeans keep failing to beat the heat. As Mowers put it, this is the literal hill they are willing to die on.

2. LE PEN BACK IN THE GAME

On July 7, the Paris Court of Appeal upheld Marine Le Pen’s bogus conviction for misuse of EU funds, but critically reduced her sentence, cutting her office ban to 15 months, which she had already served during the appeal process.

Within hours, Le Pen appeared on TF1 and announced she is running for president in 2027, declaring she would appeal to France’s Court of Cassation, suspending enforcement of the remaining sentence, and allowing her to campaign without an ankle tag while awaiting a final ruling.

She immediately launched her campaign under the banner “Pour la France, la Renaissance” with RN President Jordan Bardella as her prospective prime minister. The move was a direct message to the French establishment: it’s not over yet.

As The European Conservative put it: “[Le Pen] intends to remain in control of her own destiny and has no intention of allowing the system to dictate her fate. Her supporters have clearly understood the message.”

EYES ON THE ROAD… AND YOU.

As of this July, every new car sold in the European Union is legally required to include a driver-facing camera that films and tracks eye movements at all times above 20 km/h, whether drivers want it or not.

The mandate, buried inside the EU’s General Safety Regulation, was never put to a public vote. Brussels calls it a safety measure. But the reality is that this is a government-mandated surveillance device installed in every new vehicle on the continent, with no requirement for independent audits to verify that footage stays local, no clear rules on how long data is stored, and no transparency on who can access it.

This isn’t hypothetical overreach; it’s already happening. In 2024, some auto makers were caught selling driver behavior data to brokers who built risk scores and sold them to insurance companies, raising rates by over 20%. And that was without an interior camera pointed at your face. Now Brussels has mandated exactly that in every new car in Europe, and written the rules loosely enough that manufacturers and third parties could exploit them freely.

This is what EU overregulation looks like when it crosses into authoritarianism: control dressed up as safety, with no accountability built in.

1.PRESIDENT TRUMP PUTS EUROPE ON NOTICE OVER DIGITAL SERVICES TAX

President Trump is taking action to stop Europe from using American companies as a piggy bank.

As Rep. Ron Estes (R-KS) laid out in a recent Bloomberg Tax op-ed, foreign governments have spent years slapping discriminatory Digital Services Taxes on U.S. firms, to the tune of $2.96 billion annually, and that number could balloon to $117 billion over the next decade. Congressman Estes is taking this issue seriously and making the case clearly: these taxes aren’t policy, they’re a shakedown.

President Trump agrees. Taking to Truth Social, he warned that “numerous European Countries” are on the verge of implementing new DSTs and made clear the consequences: “Any Country that imposes such a Tax will immediately be met with a 100% TARIFF on any and all Goods sent to the United States of America.”

This move shouldn’t come as a shock to the EU. President Trump signaled during last year’s tariff fight that he viewed these taxes as inherently unfair, yet European Parliament members kept discussing future implementation anyway. The approach is already working… Canada, India, and more than a dozen other nations have already backed down. France and the UK are next in line.

President Trump’s ultimatum is leverage against an undemocratic tax regime designed from the outset to hurt American businesses operating abroad. U.S. companies built the technologies that connect the world. They aren’t a revenue stream for foreign governments.

2. AS AMERICA TURNS 250, WE STILL DON’T TAKE ORDERS FROM EUROPE

As America approaches its 250th anniversary of declaring its independence, the last thing U.S. businesses should be doing is answering to Brussels.

A recent op-ed from Michael Toth points out that the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CS3D) is projected to cost American companies over $1 trillion in compliance costs, ensnaring roughly 4,000 U.S. firms, including 1,000 energy companies, and conscripting them to police their supply chains to meet the EU’s rules.

That’s not a partnership… it’s regulatory colonialism.

Toth writes: “Congress should make it equally clear that the rules governing American businesses will be written by elected representatives in the U.S. — not by bureaucrats in Brussels.”

As the Trump administration works to level the playing field for American workers and businesses, pushing back on overreaching foreign mandates like CS3D isn’t just smart policy, it’s an act of economic patriotism worthy of the moment.

FRANCE’S GREEN ELITE MELTS DOWN, LITERALLY

The heat wave continues…

For years, France’s Green politicians lectured the world about the evils of air conditioning, calling it an environmental sin, a right-wing indulgence, a symbol of excess. Then the thermometer hit 46.8°C (116°F) and suddenly the rules changed.

On June 23rd, France recorded its hottest day since 1947, and more than half the country was placed under the highest heat alert. Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu was forced to announce an emergency mobilization of the healthcare system.

The hypocrisy was immediate and undeniable. Marine Tondelier, national secretary of France’s Green Party, publicly acknowledged a long-standing “taboo” on air conditioning, now calling it indispensable for schools and hospitals

This year, France even decided to ban drinking alcohol in public to counter the heat. Just one year ago, during the 2025 heatwave, these same politicians attacked AC as an environmentally misguided right-wing proposal while schools closed and children sat in dangerously overheated classrooms.

This is the Green agenda in practice: ban commonsense solutions, lecture the public, and reverse course only when it’s too late.

EUROPE’S HEAT WAVE EXPOSES FAILED GREEN POLICIES

A heatwave is gripping much of Europe, with temperatures nearing 40°C (100°F) across Italy, Spain, and France.

The EU has set a legally binding target to cut emissions 55 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, but as of 2024, it has come up short on that goal, leaving a significant gap with just a few years to go.

Once again, Europe is unprepared. More Europeans die from heat each year than Americans die from gun violence, and a big difference is affordable energy for air conditioning, something Green energy policy has put increasingly out of reach.

On top of that, policies like the CSDDD and CSRD make it hard for energy companies to operate in Europe. With energy prices on the rise, the EU has succumbed to another deadly heatwave.

Germany’s household electricity prices are now the fifth highest in the world, driven by a rapid exit from nuclear and coal without sufficient alternatives, a cost environment so damaging that even Playmobil, one of Germany’s most iconic manufacturers, announced this week it is shutting down its last production facility in Bavaria and moving operations abroad.

Decades of overregulation have kept electricity expensive and energy supply unreliable. With CSDDD and CSRD, Europe is trying to export this same failed Green agenda. President Trump is standing in their way, and can protect Americans from Brussels’ overreach once and for all with a targeted executive order.

2. GERMAN ESTABLISHMENT MOVES THE GOALPOSTS

With the AfD polling at 42% in Saxony-Anhalt and poised to win an outright majority in September’s state election, Germany’s ruling parties aren’t changing their message. They’re changing the rules.

State interior ministers are exploring ways to cut AfD-led governments off from federal intelligence databases and interstate security cooperation. The stated justification is “protecting the constitution.” But the real justification is harder to miss: if an AfD interior minister gained access to these files, it would reveal just how politically motivated the years-long surveillance campaign against the party truly was.

The establishment may be severely miscalculating. The latest national polling puts AfD at 29% nationwide, ahead of the centrist CDU at 22%. Every rule change designed to wall off the opposition appears to be making it stronger.